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Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, is a chronic orofacial pain disorder characterized by recurrent, unilateral, brief, electric shock-like pain in the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. It is widely regarded as one of the most severe pain conditions

Tooth whitening has become one of the most sought-after elective dental procedures worldwide. With increasing emphasis on facial aesthetics, a bright, white smile is now widely perceived as a marker of health, youth, and social confidence. This article provides a comprehensive review of contemporary

The edentulous posterior maxilla presents unique challenges for implant rehabilitation due to the pneumatization of the maxillary sinus and the progressive resorption of the alveolar ridge following tooth loss. Sinus floor elevation, or sinus lift surgery, is a predictable and well-documented surgic

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic modality that combines a photosensitizing agent, light of a specific wavelength, and molecular oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Originally developed for oncological applications, PDT has been increasingly adopted in d

The introduction of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) has fundamentally transformed orthodontic treatment by providing skeletal anchorage that is independent of patient compliance. TADs, also known as mini-implants or miniscrews, enable tooth movements that were previously impossible or required co

Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, disproportionately affecting children, elderly populations, and communities with limited access to conventional restorative care. The traditional restorative approach requires expensive equipment, cooperative patients, and m

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has emerged as one of the most widely adopted autologous biomaterials in contemporary dentistry and oral surgery. Developed by Dr. Joseph Choukroun and colleagues in France in 2001, PRF represents a conceptual evolution from first

The transition from conventional to digital impressions represents one of the most significant technological shifts in contemporary dentistry. Intraoral scanners (IOS) have evolved from experimental prototypes in the 1980s to sophisticated clinical instruments that now rival and, in several key metr

Gingival recession, defined as the apical migration of the gingival margin beyond the cementoenamel junction with exposure of the root surface, is a prevalent condition affecting a substantial proportion of the adult population. Epidemiological studies report that approximately 50% of adults exhibit

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has revolutionized endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning by providing three-dimensional imaging that overcomes the inherent limitations of conventional periapical radiography. While two-dimensional radiographs remain the first-line imaging modality for endo