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Jun 29

牙周炎症与心血管风险:队列研究揭示了什么

口腔与心脏的关联已从推测性的假设发展成为有据可查的临床关联,并得到了多项涵盖不同人群的大规模前瞻性队列研究的支持。虽然分子水平上的确切机制仍在研究中,但目前将牙周疾病与心血管事件联系起来的流行病学证据已足够充分,以至于心脏病专家和牙周病专家都将这一知识纳入患者风险评估和管理方案中。

流行病学基金会

最大的单一数据集来自美国国家健康与营养调查(NHANES),这是一项连续的、具有全国代表性的美国非机构化人口样本调查。一项2019年对NHANES 1999年至2014年数据的分析发现,中重度牙周炎患者的心血管死亡风险比正常人高39%。该分析纳入了超过11,000名参与者,他们拥有全面的牙周检查数据以及来自国家死亡指数的关联死亡记录。调整年龄、性别、吸烟状况、糖尿病、体重指数、教育程度和收入贫困比等因素后,风险比仍为1.39(95%置信区间为1.15至1.67),且结果仍然显著。换句话说,在控制了此前批评者认为可能完全解释这种关联的主要混杂因素之后,该结果依然显著。

瑞典的PAROKRANK研究采用不同的研究设计,提供了补充证据。研究人员纳入了805名首次发生急性心肌梗死的住院患者,以及805名年龄、性别和地理位置匹配的无心肌梗死对照组。在经过校准的检查员进行全面的全口牙周检查后,该研究报告称,与牙周健康的对照组相比,患有牙周炎的患者发生心肌梗死的优势比为1.49,95%置信区间为1.13至1.96。值得注意的是,这种关联独立于已知的其他心血管危险因素,并呈现出剂量反应梯度:对于累及超过30%牙位点的重度牙周炎患者,优势比上升至2.04。对 PAROKRANK 队列进行冠状动脉造影的后续分析表明,牙周炎患者的冠状动脉斑块负荷也明显更高,并且非钙化、潜在易损斑块的比例更大。

系统性炎症通路和介质

口腔-全身联系的生物学合理性在于炎症介质从牙周组织向全身扩散。牙周炎并非仅仅是局部的牙龈感染;它代表着一种慢性、低度的炎症负担,且累及面积惊人。在重度广泛性牙周炎中,牙周袋上皮溃疡的总面积估计为8至20平方厘米——大致相当于成年人的手掌大小。包括白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α) 和白细胞介素-1β (IL-1β) 在内的促炎细胞因子,会持续不断地从这些溃疡表面进入体循环,而非间歇性释放。

2021年发表于《欧洲心脏杂志》的一项研究测量了1200名中重度牙周炎患者在接受全口龈下刮治和根面平整术等非手术牙周治疗前后3个月的高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平。结果令人瞩目:平均hs-CRP水平从3.8 mg/L降至2.4 mg/L,降幅达37%。如此显著的变化使许多患者的hs-CRP水平从高危心血管风险组(定义为hs-CRP高于3.0 mg/L)降至平均风险组(1.0至3.0 mg/L)。hs-CRP水平的降低与探诊出血的减少显著相关,表明牙龈炎症的消退是全身炎症负荷下降的直接原因。

细菌移位和内皮功能障碍

除了可溶性炎症介质外,研究人员还利用灵敏的分子检测方法直接从动脉粥样硬化斑块中分离出了活的牙周致病菌。牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)、福赛斯坦纳菌(Tannerella forsythia)和齿垢密螺旋体(Treponema denticola)——这些与重度牙周炎密切相关的所谓“红色复合体”细菌——均已通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、荧光原位杂交(FISH)和免疫组织化学方法在动脉粥样硬化标本中被检测到。特别是牙龈卟啉单胞菌,它拥有独特的毒力因子库,其中最主要的是被称为牙龈蛋白酶的半胱氨酸蛋白酶。这些酶可以裂解多种宿主蛋白​​,降解细胞外基质成分,并扰乱补体和凝血级联反应。体外和动物模型研究表明,牙龈卟啉单胞菌可以侵入内皮细胞,诱导巨噬细胞形成泡沫细胞,促进血小板聚集,并加速 ApoE 缺陷小鼠动脉粥样硬化病变的发展。

2022 年一项研究利用 16S 核糖体 RNA 基因测序技术,分析了 50 例因症状性颈动脉狭窄接受手术的患者的颈动脉内膜切除标本,发现 68% 的斑块中存在与口腔来源一致的细菌 DNA 特征。其中,24% 的样本检测到牙龈卟啉单胞菌 (P. gingivalis),且细菌载量与牙周炎的严重程度以及组织学评估的斑块炎症程度均显著相关。这些数据并不能证明因果关系——与合理的生物学机制的相关性并不等同于因果关系——但它们强化了牙周细菌可以侵入动脉壁并可能促进动脉粥样硬化进展的观点。

干预研究与因果关系问题

一个关键且尚未解答的问题是,治疗牙周炎是否真的能降低心血管事件的发生率——这个问题只能通过以明确临床终点为指标的随机对照试验来解答。在美国开展的PAVE试验(牙周炎与血管事件)将303名患有牙周炎且有心血管疾病史的患者随机分为两组,分别接受全面的牙周治疗或社区护理,并对他们进行了平均25个月的随访。该试验发现治疗组的心血管事件发生率有降低的趋势,但未达到统计学意义,且样本量不足以检测到中等程度的效应。

最近,一项2023年发表的系统评价和荟萃分析纳入了7项干预试验,共涉及4200多名参与者,结果发现非手术牙周治疗与心血管健康替代指标的显著改善相关。肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张(一种内皮功能指标)在治疗组患者6个月随访时较对照组平均提高了1.4个百分点。颈动脉内膜中层厚度(一种亚临床动脉粥样硬化的结构性指标)平均降低了0.05毫米。虽然目前尚无试验证实单纯牙周治疗能够显著降低心肌梗死或卒中等心血管终点事件的发生率,但现有证据有力地支持将口腔健康筛查和治疗纳入全面的心血管风险评估和管理中。至少,已知患有心血管疾病或存在多种危险因素的患者应该接受牙周评估,而患有中度至重度牙周炎的患者应该被告知其口腔状况可能对心血管产生的影响。

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